PARSLEY JUICE POWDER
Natural products as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for maintenance of bone health
1: Phytother Res. 2007 Feb;21(2):99-112.
Natural products as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for maintenance of bone health.
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
Bone metabolism involves a complex balance between the deposition of matrix and mineralization and resorption. There is now good evidence that dietary components and herbal products can influence these processes, particularly by inhibiting bone resorption, thus having beneficial effects on the skeleton. For example, it has been reported that a number of common vegetables, including onion, garlic and parsley, can inhibit bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. Essential oils derived from sage, rosemary, thyme and other herbs inhibit osteoclast activity in vitro and in vitro and leading to an increase in bone mineral density. Soya, a rich source of isoflavones, has shown promising results and epidemiological evidence to support a use in maintaining bone health, and various traditional herbal formulae in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine also have demonstrable effects in pharmacological models of osteoporosis. Recently, cannabinoids have been described as having positive effects on osteoblast differentiation, and the presence of cannabinoid receptors in bone tissue indicates a more complex role in bone metabolism than previously thought. The first part of this review briefly discusses normal bone metabolism and disorders caused by its disruption, with particular reference to osteoporosis and current pharmacological treatments. The effects of natural products on bone and connective tissue are then discussed, to include items of diet, herbal extracts and food supplements, with evidence for their efficacy outlined. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 17106868 [PubMed - in process]
Daily polyphenol intake in France from fruit and vegetables
1: J Nutr. 2006 Sep;136(9):2368-73
Daily polyphenol intake in France from fruit and vegetables.
Universite Mediterranee Aix-Marseille 2, Faculte de Medecine, IPHM-IFR 125, Marseille, F-13385 France.
The objective of this study was to create a French database on the polyphenol content of fruit and vegetables as uncooked fruits and vegetables and then to evaluate polyphenol intake through fruit and vegetable consumption in France. To achieve this, we used the Folin-Ciocalteu method adapted to fruit and vegetable polyphenol quantitation (1). Vegetables with the highest polyphenol concentration were artichokes, parsley, and brussels sprouts [>250 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh edible portion (FEP)]; fruits with the highest concentrations were strawberries, lychees, and grapes (>180 mg of GAE/100 g FEP). Conversely, melons (Cantaloupe cv.) and avocados had the lowest polyphenol concentration for fruits and vegetables, respectively. Based on fruit consumption data, apples and strawberries are the main sources of polyphenols in the French diet, whereas potatoes, lettuces, and onions are the most important vegetable sources. Total polyphenol intake from fruit is about 3 times higher than from vegetables, due to the lower polyphenol concentration in vegetables. The calculation of polyphenol intake, based on both assessment methods used [(Societe d'Etudes de la Communication, Distribution et Publicite (SECODIP) and Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants (SUVIMAX)], showed that apples and potatoes provide approximatively half of the total polyphenol intake from fruit and vegetables in the French diet.
PMID: 16920856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Apiaceous vegetable constituents inhibit human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity and hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1
1: Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Sep;44(9):1474-84. Epub 2006 Apr 27.
Apiaceous vegetable constituents inhibit human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity and hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1.
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195-4695, USA.
In humans, apiaceous vegetables (carrots, parsnips, celery, parsley, etc.) inhibit cytochrome P-450 1A2, a biotransformation enzyme known to activate several procarcinogens, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB). We evaluated eight phytochemicals from apiaceous vegetables for effects on human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity using a methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) assay and a trp-recombination assay. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for heterologous CYP1A2 expression and this yeast strain is also diploid and auxotrophic for tryptophan due to mutations in the trp5 alleles. When these two alleles undergo AFB-induced mitotic recombination, gene conversion occurs, allowing yeast to grow in the absence of tryptophan. The apiaceous constituents psoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and apigenin were potent inhibitors of hCYP1A2-mediated MROD activity in yeast microsomes, whereas quercetin was a modest hCYP1A2 inhibitor. Naringenin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid did not inhibit hCYP1A2-mediated MROD activity. The 2-h pretreatment of intact yeast cells with psoralen, 5-MOP, and 8-MOP significantly improved cell survival after subsequent 4-h AFB treatment and reduced hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of AFB. Apigenin also significantly decreased mutagenicity. These results suggest that in vivo CYP1A2 inhibition by apiaceous vegetables may be due to the phytochemicals present and imply that apiaceous vegetable intake may be chemopreventive by inhibiting CYP1A2-mediated carcinogen activation.
PMID: 16762476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis
1: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Jun 7;41(3):683-93. Epub 2006 Mar 7.
Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis.
Department of Food Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Aarslev, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark. larsp.christensen@agrsci.dk
Many bioactive compounds with known effects on human physiology and disease have been identified through studies of plants used in traditional medicine. Some of these substances occur also in common food plants, and hence could play a significant role in relation to human health. Food plants of the Apiaceae plant family such as carrots, celery and parsley, contain a group of bioactive aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes. These polyacetylenes have shown to be highly toxic towards fungi, bacteria, and mammalian cells, and to display neurotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet-aggregatory effects and to be responsible for allergic skin reactions. The effect of these polyacetylenes towards human cancer cells, their human bioavailability and their ability to reduce tumour formation in a mammalian in vivo model indicates that they may also provide benefits for health. The present state of knowledge on the occurrence of polyacetylenes in Apiaceae food plants, their biochemistry and bioactivity is presented in this review as well as relatively new methods for the isolation and quantification of these compounds from plants, plant products and biological fluids.
PMID: 16520011 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&d
opt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16520011&query_
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Bioavailability of Apigenin from Apiin-Rich Parsley in Humans
Bioavailability of Apigenin from Apiin-Rich Parsley in Humans
Hellen Meyera, Adrian Bolarinwaa, Guenther Wolframb, Jakob Linseisena, c
aUnit of Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention and
bDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, and
cDivision of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2006;50:167-172 (DOI: 10.1159/000090736
Aim: Absorption and excretion of apigenin after the ingestion of apiin-rich food, i.e. parsley, was tested. Methods: Eleven healthy subjects (5 women, 6 men) in the age range of 23-41 years and with an average body mass index of 23.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2 took part in this study. After an apigenin- and luteolin-free diet, a single oral bolus of 2 g blanched parsley (corresponding to 65.8 ± 15.5 µmol apigenin) per kilogram body weight was consumed. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 28 h after parsley consumption and 24-hour urine samples were collected. Apigenin was analyzed in plasma, urine and red blood cells by means of HPLC-ECD. Results: On average, a maximum apigenin plasma concentration of 127 ± 81 nmol/l was reached after 7.2 ± 1.3 h with a high range of variation between subjects. For all participants, plasma apigenin concentration rose after bolus ingestion and fell within 28 h under the detection limit (2.3 nmol/l). The average apigenin content in 24-hour urine was 144 ± 110 nmol/24 h corresponding to 0.22 ± 0.16% of the ingested dose. The flavone could be detected in red blood cells without showing dose-response characteristics. Conclusions: A small portion of apigenin provided by food reaches the human circulation and, therefore, may reveal biological effects.
http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?
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Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
1: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104(1-2):175-81. Epub 2005 Oct 11.
Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is one of the medicinal herbs used by diabetics in Turkey. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of parsley (2g/kg) and glibornuride (5mg/kg) on the liver tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Swiss albino rats were divided into six groups: control; control+parsley; control+glibornuride; diabetic; diabetic+parsley; diabetic+glibornuride. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Parsley extract and glibornuride were given daily to both diabetic and control rats separately, until the end of the experiment, at day 42. The drugs were administered to one diabetic and one control group from days 14 to 42. On day 42, liver tissues were taken from each rat. In STZ-diabetic group, blood glucose levels, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, uric acid, sialic acid, sodium and potassium levels, liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), and non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) levels increased, while liver glutathione (GSH) levels and body weight decreased. In the diabetic group given parsley, blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, sialic acid, uric acid, potassium and sodium levels, and liver LPO and NEG levels decreased, but GSH levels increased. The diabetic group, given glibornuride, blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum sialic acid, uric acid, potassium, and liver NEG levels decreased, but liver LPO, GSH, serum sodium levels, and body weight increased. It was concluded that probably, due to its antioxidant property, parsley extract has a protective effect comparable to glibornuride against hepatotoxicity caused by diabetes.
PMID: 16223573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
